Lectures 2008 ESHEP

Ignatios ANTONIADIS: Beyond the Standard Model

I. Motivations for physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM), the problem of mass hierarchy, main BSM proposals
II. Supersymmetry, supersymmetry breaking, soft terms, MSSM
III. Grand Unification
IV. Strings and extra dimensions

Reading list:
- John Iliopoulos, "Beyond the Standard Model" lectures at the 2007 European School of High Energy Physics
- Gordon L. Kane, TASI lectures on weak scale supersymmetry: A Top motivated bottom up approach, e-Print: hep-ph/0202185
- Markus A. Luty, 2004 TASI lectures on supersymmetry breaking, e-Print: hep-th/0509029
- My lecture notes "Topics on String Phenomenology" at Les Houches 2007 Summer School "String Theory and the Real World" (first eight sections)

The IceCube neutrino detector is now being deployed in the ice cap at the South Pole.
The main objective of neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and its predecessor AMANDA is the search for very high energy neutrinos from cosmic sources, like Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma Ray Bursts. Other research topics include indirect searches for Dark Matter, detection of neutrinos from SuperNovae, …
The lecture will address the question of why neutrino astronomy is interesting, describe the challenges of building an adequate neutrino observatory and outline the results obtained with the AMANDA strings within IceCube and with the already deployed IceCube strings.

Jean-Marc GERARD: Further Issues in Fundamental Interactions
Lesson 1 : Gauge invariance
- Weight of compact bodies;
- Mass versus energy in gravitational interactions;
- Mass versus energy in electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.

Lesson 2 : Confinement.
- Nucleon mass;
- Nucleon mass splitting;
- Nucleon (and lepton) electric dipole moments.

Lesson 3 : Spontaneous symmetry breaking.
- Boson masses and mixings from self-interactions;
- Fermion masses and mixings from Yukawa interactions;
- Baryogenesis.

Reading list:
Prerequisites : only a rather elementary knowledge of
- Gravitational interactions (see Tytgat's Lecture Course);
- Strong interactions (see Mangano's Lecture Course);
- Electroweak interactions (see Rubakov's and Nir's Lecture Courses);

Pilar HERNANDEZ: Neutrino Physics

In the first lecture I will review the properties of neutrinos in the Standard Model and discuss the alternatives to accommodate neutrino masses and their implications. Next I discuss the signatures of neutrino masses: neutrino mixing and neutrino oscillations both in vacuum and in matter.

In the second lecture I will review the experimental evidence for neutrino oscillations and discuss how to accommodate the various sets of data in the Standard Model with three massive neutrinos. The prospects for determining the unknown elements in the lepton flavour sector in future experiments will also be discussed.

In the third lecture, I will discuss the possible implications of neutrino masses on physics beyond the Standard Model and discuss the relevance of neutrinos in cosmology: nucleosynthesis and the number of neutrino species, the neutrino component of the matter density and leptogenesis.

Reading list:
I suggest to read my lectures on Neutrino Physics from the 2003 Latino American School of HEP that can be found in: http://doc.cern.ch/yellowrep/2006/2006-001/p119.pdf

These lectures will provide a simple introduction to QCD and its phenomenological applications in hadronic collisions. The material will be useful to students doing research at the Tevatron and LHC. Some understanding of QCD in hadronic collisions are essential to those who will be seeking new particles possibly created at the Tevatron and LHC, as well as to those who, developing models of new physics, would like to see these models experimentally tested.

The lectures will focus on the following topics:
Lecture 1: Initial-state evolution
- The factorization theorem
- Partonic densities and their evolution
- Applications to Drell-Yan production

Lecture 2: Final-state evolution
- Soft gluon emission
- Angular ordering
- Shower evolution, preconfinement, and hadronization

Lecture 3: The simulation of hadronic collisions
- Cross-section evaluators
- Parton-level Monte Carlos
- Shower Monte Carlos

Lecture 4: Objects and observables in hadronic collisions
- Jets
- Leptons
- Heavy quarks

1. R.K.Ellis, W.J. Stirling and B.R.Webber: "QCD and Collider Physics", ISBN 0521 581893, Cambridge University Press http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521545897/002-3714793-2208859 (see also http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory/webber/QCDbook.html)

2. The Handbook of Perturbative QCD, the CTEQ Collaboration (http://www.phys.psu.edu/~cteq/ )

Lecture 2: Flavour beyond the Standard Model
1. The New Physics flavour puzzle
2. The supersymmetric flavour puzzle

Lecture 3: Flavour at the LHC
1. Solving the supersymmetric flavour puzzle
2. Minimal flavour violation

3. A. Ceccucci, Z. Ligeti and Y. Sakai: ``The CKM quark-mixing matrix'', on pages 138-145 of the Review of Particle Physics, J. Phys. G 33, 1 (2006)

4. D. Kirkby and Y. Nir: ``CP Violation in meson decays'', on pages 146-155 of the Review of Particle Physics, J. Phys. G 33, 1 (2006).

5. B. Kayser: ``Neutrino mass, mixing and flavour change'', on pages 156-164 of the Review of Particle Physics, J. Phys. G 33, 1 (2006).

1. Reminder of basics of field theory. Scalar, spinor, vector fields. Left-handed and right-handed fermions.
2. Global symmetries. Conserved quantum numbers.
3. Gauge symmetries. Gauge fields.
4. Quantum fields: particle content, S-matrix
5. Propagators, vertices, trees and loops
Divergencies and renormalization
6. Spontaneous breaking of global symmetries.
7. Gauge symmetries. Gauge fields.
8. Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism.
9. Gauge symmetries and gauge fields of the Standard Model.
10. Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model. W- and Z- bosons.
Standard Model Higgs boson.
11. Fermion quantum numbers. Global symmetries of the Standard Model.
12. Fermion masses and mixing.
13. CP-violation.

Suggested reading:
1. Field theory and the Standard Model - W. Buchmuller and C. L¸deling, in: Proc. 2005 European School of High-Energy Physics, CERN-2006-014
2. The Standard Model of electroweak interactions - A. Pich in: Proc. 2006 European School of High-Energy Physics, CERN-2007-005

1. - QCD in extreme conditions - high temperature, phase diagram.
- Experimental probes: heavy-ion collisions
- Hydrodynamical description and comparison with data

2. Hard probes of the matter produced in heavy-ion collisions
- Initial state effects: nuclear parton distribution functions and saturation
- particle propagation through matter: eikonal approximation
- medium-induced gluon radiation
- medium-modification of jet properties: jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions

Reading list:
- F.Karsch, ``Lattice QCD at high temperature and density,'' Lect. Notes Phys. 583 (2002) 209 [arXiv:hep-lat/0106019].
- J. Casalderrey-Solana and C. A. Salgado, ``Introductory lectures on jet quenching in heavy ion collisions,'' arXiv:0712.3443 [hep-ph].
- K. J. Eskola, H. Paukkunen and C. A. Salgado, ``An improved global analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions including RHIC data,'' arXiv:0802.0139 [hep-ph].
- N. Borghini and U. A. Wiedemann, ``Predictions for the LHC heavy ion programme,'' J. Phys. G 35, 023001 (2008) [arXiv:0707.0564 [hep-ph].

Lecture 1. Some cosmological solutions
In the first lecture I will introduce the cosmological principle and the Hubble law. I will derive the basic equations and will discuss some elementary but, in practice, important solutions. I will finally introduce the concept of horizon.

Lecture 2. The Big Bang scenario
In the second lecture, I will focus on two main consequences of the Hot Big Bang scenario: the primordial synthesis of light elements and the related existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB).
I will emphasize the constraints on neutrinos properties and on the baryon content of the universe that can be derived from primordial nucleosynthesis.

Lecture 3. Other relics
In the third lecture, I will address the plausible existence of dark matter and will describe a simple mechanism for its origin. I will then discuss under which circumstances a baryon asymmetry might have developed in the early universe

Lectures 4. Inhomogeneities and Inflation
In the last lecture, I will discuss how matter inhomogeneities evolve in an expanding universe. I will sketch the connection with the anisotropies of the CMB and the relevance of the later for determining cosmological parameters.
I will conclude with an introduction to the paradigm of inflation.

Reading list:
Popular science books:
I strongly recommend reading « The first three minutes », by Steven Weinberg. A bit dated but a vivid introduction to the big bang for the laymen (with equations in appendices).
Big Bang by S. Singh is really nice.

More technical books:
Particle Astrophysics by D. Perkins (elementary introduction to various concept in cosmology and astroparticle physics)

Modern cosmology by S. Dodelson (emphasis on CMB anisotropies)
The Early Universe by R. Kolb & M. Turner (emphasis on the Early universe and the particle/cosmology connection)

Physical foundations of cosmology by V. Mukhanov (emphasis on inflation, also nice discussion of nucleosynthesis)

Cosmology by Steven Weinberg (brand new, have not read it yet. Seems exhaustive and up-to-date)

Gustaaf C. CORNELIS: After Dinner Lecture:
"We think, therefore we can be tricked."

Scientists, a special kind of breed? By means of several experiments I'll show that we all are subject to bias. An interactive lecture with illusions, cartoons and lots of paradoxes.